TECHNOLOGY · DESKTOP · 1440
MTI
MONASHEE
Thermal Infrastructure
01 — TechnologyVancouver, BC

CO2 (R744) Cooling

Built for long-duration assets

Monashee deploys industrial CO2 refrigeration architecture designed for large-scale data center cooling. The platform addresses growing refrigerant regulation, water use and long-term operating requirements while supporting air, direct-to-chip and immersion cooling environments.

Fig. 01CoolShift XL 4MW Chiller
Vitalis CO2 refrigeration equipment
02 — Refrigerant

A refrigerant without a phase-out horizon

CO2, also known as R744, is a natural refrigerant. It is PFAS-free and is not subject to the HFC phase-down schedules affecting many conventional refrigerants, reducing long-term exposure to refrigerant substitution and asset obsolescence risk.

Fig. 02 · Platform envelopeWhat the platform accommodates
REFRIGERANT
RefrigerantCO2 · R744
Ozone depletion potential0
Global warming potential1
PFASNone
HFC phase-downNot applicable
PLATFORM ENVELOPE
Unit capacity4 MW per unit · added in modules as the site grows
Heat rejectionAir-cooled standard, no cooling water · water-cooled available
Ambient rangeRated to 35°C · adiabatic assist for hotter sites
Free coolingAvailable in colder ambient conditions · threshold depends on loop temperature and site
Chilled waterSupply and return set per project · rated 16 / 24°C
Cooling environmentsAir · direct-to-chip · immersion
Heat recoveryOptional · up to ≈90°C for district or process loads
Electrical460 V · 60 Hz · 1 or 2 connections per unit
ControlsIntegrated controls · BAS and SCADA integration
InstallationIndoor or outdoor · skid, rails or pad
03 — Water

Cooling without cooling towers

Dry cooling is the standard configuration, with no evaporative cooling towers. That removes cooling-tower water consumption and reduces exposure to water availability, permitting and community concerns associated with large evaporative cooling loads.

Fig. 03 · IllustrationDry-cooled plant
DATA HALL COOLING PLANT AIR-COOLED GAS COOLERS AMBIENT AIR CHILLEDWATER WARM RETURN HEAT NO COOLING TOWERS · NO WATER CONSUMED IN THE STANDARD CONFIGURATION
04 — Free Cooling

Use cold ambient conditions

In northern climates, pumped CO2 can provide free cooling when ambient conditions allow. This reduces reliance on mechanical compression during cooler periods and makes the architecture particularly well suited to Canada and the northern United States.

Fig. 04 · IllustrationOperating mode vs ambient temperature
FREE COOLINGPUMPED CO2 PARTIALCOMPRESSION MECHANICALCOMPRESSION COMPRESSORS OFF COLDWARM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ELECTRICAL INPUT
PUMPS AND FANS
COMPRESSORS
Fig. 05 · IllustrationHeat recovery
DATA CENTER COOLINGPLANT DISTRICT ENERGY INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CHILLED RETURN RECOVERED HEAT · UP TO ≈ 90°C
05 — Heat Recovery

Put rejected heat to work

Where a credible nearby heat user exists, the system can provide high-grade recovered heat of up to approximately 90°C for district energy or industrial process applications. Value created from usable heat can be reflected in project economics.

06 — Modular Architecture

Built for repeatable deployment

Standardized modular architecture allows cooling capacity to be deployed in stages as the data center grows. Long-lead components can be secured in advance, and a practical electrical architecture helps reduce exposure to equipment procurement constraints.

Architecture01 / 05

Standardized modules

Repeatable system architecture supports phased deployment across multiple sites.

Architecture02 / 05

Commercial-scale feeds

Dual power feeds per module reduce dependence on scarce large industrial switchgear.

Architecture03 / 05

Air cooling

The platform can support conventional air-cooled data center environments.

Architecture04 / 05

Direct-to-chip

The architecture can support high-density liquid-cooled compute.

Architecture05 / 05

Immersion

The cooling platform can integrate with immersion-based heat rejection systems.

Fig. 06 · IllustrationModules added per stage
DATA HALL · STAGE 1STAGE 2STAGE 3 4 MW MODULE4 MW MODULE 4 MW MODULE4 MW MODULE FUTURE MODULEFUTURE MODULE ■ ■ 460 V SERVICE · 1 OR 2 POWER CONNECTIONS PER 4 MW MODULEDASHED = CAPACITY ADDED AS THE DATA CENTER GROWS
07 — Technical Diligence

Detailed data for qualified projects

Detailed performance information, engineering data and relevant reference installations are available to qualified counterparties under NDA.

MTI
MONASHEE

Mission-critical cooling infrastructure, developed, financed, owned and operated.

OFFICES IN VANCOUVER, CANADA · MANUFACTURING IN KELOWNA, BC
© 2026 Monashee Thermal Infrastructure Inc. All rights reserved.
TECHNOLOGY · MOBILE · 390
MONASHEE
Thermal Infrastructure
01 — TechnologyVancouver, BC

CO2 (R744) Cooling

Built for long-duration assets

Monashee deploys industrial CO2 refrigeration architecture designed for large-scale data center cooling. The platform addresses growing refrigerant regulation, water use and long-term operating requirements while supporting air, direct-to-chip and immersion cooling environments.

Fig. 01CoolShift XL 4MW Chiller
Vitalis CO2 refrigeration equipment
02 — Refrigerant

A refrigerant without a phase-out horizon

CO2, also known as R744, is a natural refrigerant. It is PFAS-free and is not subject to the HFC phase-down schedules affecting many conventional refrigerants, reducing long-term exposure to refrigerant substitution and asset obsolescence risk.

Fig. 02 · Platform envelopeWhat it accommodates
REFRIGERANT
RefrigerantCO2 · R744
Ozone depletion potential0
Global warming potential1
PFASNone
HFC phase-downNot applicable
PLATFORM ENVELOPE
Unit capacity4 MW per unit · added in modules as the site grows
Heat rejectionAir-cooled standard, no cooling water · water-cooled available
Ambient rangeRated to 35°C · adiabatic assist for hotter sites
Free coolingAvailable in cold ambient conditions · threshold depends on loop temperature and site
Chilled waterSupply and return set per project · rated 16 / 24°C
Cooling environmentsAir · direct-to-chip · immersion
Heat recoveryOptional · up to ≈90°C for district or process loads
Electrical460 V · 60 Hz · 1 or 2 connections per unit
ControlsIntegrated controls · BAS and SCADA integration
InstallationIndoor or outdoor · skid, rails or pad
Based on Vitalis CoolShift XL data. Outside this envelope? A site-specific thermal model is prepared at no cost.
03 — Water

Cooling without cooling towers

Dry cooling is the standard configuration, with no evaporative cooling towers. That removes cooling-tower water consumption and reduces exposure to water availability, permitting and community concerns associated with large evaporative cooling loads.

Fig. 03 · IllustrationDry-cooled plant
DATA HALL COOLING PLANT GAS COOLERS AMBIENT AIR CHILLED RETURN HEAT NO COOLING TOWERS · NO WATER CONSUMED
04 — Free Cooling

Use cold ambient conditions

In northern climates, pumped CO2 can provide free cooling when ambient conditions allow. This reduces reliance on mechanical compression during cooler periods and makes the architecture particularly well suited to Canada and the northern United States.

Fig. 04 · IllustrationMode vs ambient
FREE COOLINGPUMPED CO2 PARTIAL MECHANICALCOMPRESSION COMPRESSORS OFF COLDWARM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ELECTRICAL INPUT
PUMPS AND FANS
COMPRESSORS
05 — Heat Recovery

Put rejected heat to work

Where a credible nearby heat user exists, the system can provide high-grade recovered heat of up to approximately 90°C for district energy or industrial process applications. Value created from usable heat can be reflected in project economics.

Fig. 05 · IllustrationHeat recovery
DATACENTER COOLINGPLANT DISTRICTENERGY INDUSTRIALPROCESS CHILLEDRETURN RECOVERED HEAT · UP TO ≈ 90°C
06 — Modular Architecture

Built for repeatable deployment

Standardized modular architecture allows cooling capacity to be deployed in stages as the data center grows. Long-lead components can be secured in advance, and a practical electrical architecture helps reduce exposure to equipment procurement constraints.

Architecture01 / 05

Standardized modules

Repeatable system architecture supports phased deployment across multiple sites.

Architecture02 / 05

Commercial-scale feeds

Dual power feeds per module reduce dependence on scarce large industrial switchgear.

Architecture03 / 05

Air cooling

The platform can support conventional air-cooled data center environments.

Architecture04 / 05

Direct-to-chip

The architecture can support high-density liquid-cooled compute.

Architecture05 / 05

Immersion

The cooling platform can integrate with immersion-based heat rejection systems.

Fig. 06 · IllustrationModules added per stage
DATA HALL · STAGE 1STAGE 2STAGE 3 4 MW MODULE4 MW MODULE 4 MW MODULE4 MW MODULE FUTURE MODULEFUTURE MODULE ■ ■ 460 V SERVICE · 1 OR 2 POWER CONNECTIONS PER 4 MW MODULEDASHED = CAPACITY ADDED AS THE DATA CENTER GROWS
07 — Technical Diligence

Detailed data for qualified projects

Detailed performance information, engineering data and relevant reference installations are available to qualified counterparties under NDA.

MTI
MONASHEE

Mission-critical cooling infrastructure, developed, financed, owned and operated.

OFFICES IN VANCOUVER, CANADA · MANUFACTURING IN KELOWNA, BC
© 2026 Monashee Thermal Infrastructure Inc. All rights reserved.